Determining the effectiveness of P+R as sustainable development action in The Hague
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2025-05-05
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en
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This research investigates the effectiveness of Park and Ride (P+R) systems as a form of Sustainable Development Action (SDA), with a focus on The Hague. P+R facilities are designed to reduce private car use in city centres by encouraging travellers to switch to public transportation for the final part of their journey, which can help address various urban sustainability challenges.
This study combines a policy- and literature review, a cost-benefit analysis (CBA), and supplementary interviews to evaluate the potential of P+R systems to contribute to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Results show that P+R can contribute to multiple SDGs through system dynamics and multisolving. The success of such systems, however, depends on a combination of factors. Additionally, this thesis proposes reclassifying P+R as Sustainable Development Action (SDA). Moreover, a novel presentation method is proposed to help evaluate, compare and communicate SDA initiatives and their contributions to the SDGs.
This thesis provides practical insights for urban policymakers aiming to balance economic, environmental, and social goals. It also serves as a model for other sub-state actors considering similar strategies. The research contributes to broader discourse on sustainable urban mobility, municipal climate leadership, and the operationalisation of the SDGs at the local level.
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Faculteit der Managementwetenschappen